(See Appendix F.) There are many definitions for PBL, but for the purposes of this handbook, it is defined as the type of learning environment in which lessons are structured in such a way as to confront students with problems encountered in real life that force them to reach real world solutions, PBL starts with a carefully constructed problem to which there is no single solution. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. The overhead question is directed to the entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member. The steps in Figure 4-6 form a guideline for lesson presentation. Generally, instructional aids that are relatively simple are best suited for this purpose, In addition to helping students remember important information, instructional aids have other advantages. On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. If it is a classroom presentation, the student may be asked to explain the new material. [Figure 4-4], The description of the skill or behavior explains the desired outcome of the instruction. Revisions and alterations are easier to make at that time than after their completion. This type of problem encourages the development of HOTS, which include cognitive processes such as problem solving and decision-making, as well as the cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. For example, the instructor in the opening scenario is an aviation maintenance SME, Effective instructors are not only knowledgeable about aviation, they are also knowledgeable about teaching. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. Main Menu. For the instructor, maintaining control of the learning situation may be difficult. The behavior can be physical and overt, or it can be intellectual or attitudinal." The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. [Figure 4-1]. The instructors assessment may be informal and recorded only for the instructors own use in planning the next lesson for the students, or it may be formal. The objectives must be written. One cautionthe instructional aid should keep student attention on the subject; it should not be a distracting gimmick, Clearly, a major goal of all instruction is for the student to be able to retain as much knowledge of the subject as possible, especially the key points. A model is a copy of a real object. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. Instructional aids can help them do this. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. Students learn from the beginning how to perform the maneuver or procedure and also become familiar with the performance criteria. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate However, use of standardized materials, including a syllabus, is recommended. All refer to the same thing, the behavior of the student, These objectives provide a way of stating what performance level is desired of a student before the student is allowed to progress to the next stage of instruction. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance. Instructors can create their own overhead acetate or plastic transparencies, or they may purchase commercially produced ones. It should be noted that PTS and O&P standards are limited to the most critical job tasks. In all cases, a systematic plan of action requires the use of an appropriate training syllabus. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. A. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received. Decision-based learning objectives and the use of flight training scenarios do not preclude traditional maneuver-based training. The lecture method is adaptable to many different settings, including small or large groups. They must also hold a current ATP or commercial certificate and earn a score of more than 70% on an FAA-administered flight instructor demonstrated knowledge test. The demonstration-performance method is divided into five phases: Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Individual maintenance instructors, as well as publishers, have compiled lists of typical questions and projects. On the other hand, poorly constructed long sentences are difficult to follow and can easily become tangled. Another example is dead reckoning, which forces pilots to be aware of there surroundings at all times. Experienced CFIs have been using scenarios that require dynamic problem solving to teach cross-country operations, emergency procedures, and other flight skills for years. In the first one, the flight instructor designs a training scenario for the virtual pilots. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. Since it has been documented that students learn more effectively when actively involved in the learning process, SBT is also used to train AMTs, The aviation instructor is the key to successful SBT and the overall learning objective in this method of training delivery is for the student to be more ready to exercise sound judgment and make good decisions. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. Consider the continued expansion of technical terminology in everyday usage. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. Electronic information on computer networks and bulletin boards is from commercial providers, as well as community, state, and national government agencies. Confusion, disinterest, and uneasiness on the part of the student could happen as a result of not knowing the. Information such as equipment, tools, reference material, and limiting parameters should be included. Keep in mind that it takes time to recall data, determine how to answer, or to think of an example, The more difficult the question, the more time the students need to answer. In most cases, the objective is listed along with sufficient conditions to describe the scope of the objective. Consequently, CDs and DVDs have replaced many of the projection-type instructional aids, For instructors, the convenience of CDs and DVDs is certainly an advantage. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. For the maintenance instructor, this may mean monitoring the replacement of a carburetor. +44 (0)7540 787812 frances@constructionandbuildingphotography.com. For example, technology flight training devices and flight simulators are used by everyone from flight schools to major airlines, as well as the military. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. With this arrangement, each point leads logically to and serves as a reminder of the next. Depending on the requirements of any particular circumstances, a lecture is usually delivered in one of four ways: Reading from a typed or written manuscript, Reciting memorized material without the aid of a manuscript, Speaking extemporaneously from an outline, The teaching lecture is probably best delivered in an extemporaneous manner. For example, a laboratorytype environment may be configured with separate study areas for each student. Students can answer the second question by merely saying "Denver," but the first question is likely to start a discussion of air density, engine efficiency, and the effect of temperature on performance, It is the instructors responsibility to help students prepare themselves for the discussion. The constant use of "What If?" Students do not learn to weld during one shop period or to perform crosswind landings during one instructional flight. Then, allow students time to practice each step, so they can increase their ability to perform the skill. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. The instructor's role is to instill and eventually evaluate the comprehension and ability of the pilot in pursuit of a certification, rating, or license. A participant lacking SBT instruction must search his or her memory to link a maneuver to a situation, The incorporation of SBT as part of the lesson is discussed in more detail later in this chapter, as well as in Chapter 6, Planning Instructional Activity, Decision-based objectives are designed specifically to develop pilot judgment and ADM skills. Developing good problems that motivate, focus, and initiate student learning are an important component of PBL. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. There are several types of charts that can be used in presenting data such as pie charts, flow charts, and organizational charts, among others. It can be used during classroom periods and preflight and postflight briefings. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. While test preparation materials may be effective in preparing students for FAA tests, the danger is that students may learn to pass a given test, but fail to learn other critical information essential to safe piloting and maintenance practices. It will be even more significant in the future, Computer technology continues to advance in quantum leaps, challenging traditional ways of teaching. All members of the group should follow the discussion. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. For example, there are several types of lectures, such as the illustrated talk where the speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. Just as the technician uses some tools more than others, the instructor uses some methods more often than others. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. For example, once the instructor decides how the student will accomplish the objective, most of the work that determines the elements of the lesson and the schedule of events has been done. Aviation-related learning centers are usually associated with colleges, universities, and research centers. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. Effective use of questions may result in more student learning than any other single technique used by instructors. This is the lead-off question and its purpose is to get the discussion started. However, the instructor provides the answer to the rhetorical question. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. The instructor may use an overhead question to pose the lead-off question. The airlines, as well as aeronautical programs at some colleges and universities, have used similar facilities for many years, Another type of computer-based technology, virtual reality (VR), creates a sensory experience that allows a participant to believe and barely distinguish a virtual experience from a real one. A reverse question is a question asked by a learner and the instructor returns the question to the same learner for response. They can explore areas that interest them and discover more about a subject on their own. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. To achieve desired learning outcomes through the lecture method, an instructor needs considerable skill in speaking, As indicated in chapter 2, a students rate of retention drops off significantly after the first 10-15 minutes of a lecture and improves at the end. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. Provisions for logging training time can be incorporated so the syllabus could also serve as the training record for the student, instructor, or school. At times, instructors may feel that they are doing more one-on-one instruction than in a normal classroom setting, but repetitive forms of teaching may be accomplished by computer. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. Its versatility and effectiveness provide several advantages for most types of instruction. By removing the NTSBs determination of probable cause, a flight instructor can use the description as a case study. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. When practical, they should encourage student participation. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. By listening to their discussion and questions, he can pinpoint problem areas and explain them more fully during the review of the solved problem, People skills also include the ability to interact respectfully with students, pick up when students are not following along, motivate students to learn, and adapt to the needs of the student when necessary. Effective instructors relate well to people. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information.
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