How does the way that we organize or classify knowledge affect what we know? Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects . The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. Your discussion requires that you use representational thinking (thinking in images) and inductive reasoning to move from the particular images or objects you have chosen, establish their relation to one another through analogy or metaphor, and then proceed to the general principles and key concepts contained in the prompt that you have chosen to demonstrate your knowledge of those principles and concepts. It can only be eliminated through the mode of speaking with one another and to one another. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Thoughtful connections can be made here. 20. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. Change being negative and positive. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. The principle of reason states: nothing is without (a) cause or nothing is without a reason or nothing is without reason. We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. The word expert derives from expertise or know how and this kind of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne. This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. 8. For the German philosopher Leibniz, a truth is a verifiable proposition, a correct judgement. These questions are embedded in our understanding of causality and in our cognition through our search for reasons to understand why a thing is the way it is. Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Whenever we speak of the production of knowledge, we are speaking of the bringing forth of what was once hidden into presence so that we may see it face to face. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. Is Galileos view an improvement on Aristotles view of nature is, of course, another question entirely and one which you may explore in your Exhibition. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. It may be personal, expressing ones own particular life-experience and opinions (ones personal knowledge), or total, extinguishing all personal opinions (shared knowledge). Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. Modern science is applied technology, not technology as applied science. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. That we have areas of knowledge is a recognition of the need for specialization in our studies since so much information and knowledge has been amassed in these areas through our pursuit of knowledge. Although historians cannot observe what happened in a laboratory nor do experiments to confirm their hypothesis, they have developed alternative methods to gather knowledge. Required fields are marked *. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. This object is a picture of a place that played a pivotal part on the reformism of casteism. They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. no knowledge is permanent, and this is quite contrary to how the Greeks understood knowledge as in sophia and episteme; they understood that some things are permanent. What counts as a good justification for a claim? It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. What makes the being of objects possible is Reason itself. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. TOK exhibition - TOK 2022: THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE WEBSITE FOR THE IBDP See the link: What is a work of Art? A priori comes from the Latin for what comes before, earlier; the a priori is the earlier. Exhibition.pdf - Can New Knowledge Change Established Values or Beliefs The IB is one such community. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. A sufficient reason is both a demonstration and an explanation of some thing or event, but the thing or event must be made and become an object of inquiry a priori through the application of the principle of sufficient reason. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? What - Quora A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. It can also be a statement exhibiting a relation of implication i.e. the truth as unconcealment i.e what we have determined a thing or being to be in the first place. TOK Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts - IBMastery To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. But while these world-pictures are constructed in dealing with the beings that are involved in those domains, it is technology as the theoretical viewing that dominates how the beings will be inquired about and the manner of questioning regarding their being. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. Prompt: Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? How so? The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? These conditions and contexts determine the actions that we will take regarding decisions which we have to make within the everyday experiences of our lives. We find such certainty and surety in the knowledge that results from mathematical calculation; that is, mathematical calculation is a predication of the subject knowledge i.e. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. In establishing the framework for what can be considered knowledge in our age, axioms or archai, principles, rules, laws, etc. The soul, when properly ordered, is given to us by Socrates in his prayer to Pan at the end of the dialogue Phaedrus: O dear Pan and all you gods here, grant it to me to become beautiful, to come into the correct condition in relation to what is in myself, what comes from inside, and grant that whatever I possess on the outside may be a friend to what is inner, and grant that I repute as rich the one who is wise, and grant that to me the amount of gold I possess in this world will have as much value for me and that I will claim for it only as much value as a man of understanding should claim.Socrates prayer is that his soul will become beautiful, and this means having its proper relation to the things themselves and for their correct limits; nothing in excess. What is it that we value in a work of art? The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. How we come to understand lived experiences are especially important in the Group 3 subjects. However, the heliocentric theory proved that the earth was spherical and the sun was at the center of the cosmos. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. 25. Human being projects itself in its own project. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. Our two latest AOKs were called Religious Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. Even provisionally, we cannot say more than that in the field of modern atomic physics we have resigned ourselves, and we have done so because our representations are dependable. (Werner Heisenberg, The Picture of Nature in Contemporary Physics) The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge. 3. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. These topics are too complex to go into here, but you could do some research on them before setting off on your journey to your Exhibition. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. Just as the essence of technology is not itself technological, so the essence of calculation and the calculable is not accessible to calculation. Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. Judgement is the connection between what is stated with that about which a statement is made. TOK.docx - Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs They. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. It can mean to learn, find out, hear of, but also to receive, undergo, something. Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. Every posing of every question takes place within that which is granted to us, our legacy, in its very presence in who and what we think we are. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is yes, so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered knowledge prior to it. Who knew? The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. Adequate is a synonym for sufficient, so evidence is considered adequate when sufficient reasons are provided for the judgements that are made; and when these are provided, they are considered good evidence. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. What do these choices indicate? This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. Knowing the audience is the recognition that we are beings in bodies. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. 13. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. For knowledge to be knowledge, it must be shared or handed over to others and confirmed and affirmed (See prompt #26). Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. (about 100 words) In the Theory of Knowledge exhibition, I will be talking about the three objects of my choice and the prompt I have linked them to. This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. With its articulation, the modern age bursts into blossom. 12. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. Exhibition. Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. In what and from where does our word values have its origins? fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. This reign of the object as material thing, as the genuine substructure of all things, reaches into the area that we call the spiritual; into the sphere of the meaning and significance of language, of history, of the work of art, and all of the areas of knowledge of TOK. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle {the principle of reason}, presupposed, but not grounded. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. (cf. Can new knowledge change established new values and beliefs? The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. 11. The question here is what is meant by objectivity? One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. If you know something, it will always integrate with more knowledge if you attain it. Current research into AI, artificial intelligence, is being questioned because so much of it is occurring beyond good and evil or beyond ethical considerations. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. You used can in your questi. Although these methods are different from the ones in other areas of knowledge, they are still valuable methods of inquiry. Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. It is assessed internally, that is by your own teachers, but moderated externally by IB examiners. The German poet and mystic Angelus Silesius once wrote: The rose is without why; it blooms because it blooms, / It pays no attention to itself, asks not whether it is seen. What is it that distinguishes human beings from a rose? . Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. Is bias inevitable in the production of knowledge? What this question is asking is can the knowledge that we learned changed beliefs or values that we were taught by our guardians since we were born in other words, the knowledge that we grew up on. The why and the how, as well as the what are explained and this is usually indicated by our use of the word be-cause, the cause is. An account is an account only if it is handed over. 34. Ethical obligations were called rendering what was due to some thing or another. How one re-searches the historical developments within an area of knowledge will be determined byhermaneuticsand the de-constructionof language. Whatever prompt you choose, it is important for you to develop your arguments so that they are clear to your listeners and readers. When the soul is not beautiful, it is ugly and deformed. image/object #1 is like or as image/object #2, and so on. with the way in which man withstands the There, the openness and hiddenness of the beings among which he stands. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. With the knowledge that we gain from algebraic calculation, it should come as no surprise that what is called finite calculus was established by the founder of the principle of reason Gottfried Leibniz. a cause-effect relation. what you are getting your education for. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. These multivarious approaches or methodologies are determined a priori by the principle of reason. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. An examination of the characteristics of the types of knowledge has been undertaken in greater depth on this prompt in this blog: https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. The exhibition, understood as both a noun and a verb, aims to assess how you can apply TOK concepts to the real world by requiring that you bring to presence, bring out of hiding and to hold out, ex-hibit, evidence of your ability to discourse on the subject matter that you have been studying and questioning in the course. It is the system that makes information possible. What do your choices of objects or images for this prompt indicate about you and the society of which you are a member? What is objectivity? Our interpretations of things may be complex requiring very specialized language from various areas of knowledge or it may be simple and be provided by what we might call sound common sense. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. It is no surprise that the great discoveries of modern physics were primarily initiated by Germans, Einstein and Heisenberg for instance, just as it is not an accident that the great discoveries of Newton and Darwin belong to the English-speaking world. 194. judgements, and thus sets itself over-against the world as to an object. The what, how and why of those changes in values and beliefs or what have become known as paradigm shifts in human being-in-the-world have brought about many consequences once they were established as our way of viewing and being-in-the-world. Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). . Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? Nietzsche/Darwin: Part IX-B: Education, Ethics/Actions: Contemplative vs. Calculative Thinking. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. Modern technology employs modern science. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. To conceive the self in terms of experiencing implies that it is either pieced together from intrinsically distinct, momentary experiences or as an underlying thread that persists unchanged throughout its experiences. There are few who would claim to have knowledge of what is going on in modern arts circles is another example. Thus the issue between competing scientific theories cannot always be settled by experience: One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e.